KLOW Online

every number, tied to its source

KLOW peptide references and citations

The single-component literature this site summarizes, listed in full with DOIs and PubMed identifiers.

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Full reference list

Each citation below is the source for a numbered claim across this site. KLOW is a four-peptide blend with no literature of its own; every reference here is single-component research or a regulatory/review source. Where a study used the full-length protein thymosin beta-4 rather than the TB-500 fragment, the claim text says so.

  1. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. (Review noting unapproved peptide blends operate outside regulatory oversight and lack human blend data.) ↗
  2. Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. ↗
  3. Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
  4. Sikiric P, et al. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:1032-1037. ↗
  5. Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21:976-983. ↗
  6. Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. (Full-length thymosin beta-4, not the TB-500 fragment.) ↗
  7. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. ↗
  8. Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987. ↗
  9. Wang Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157 in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. (Linear PK, very short elimination half-life, rapid breakdown to small fragments.) ↗
  10. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. (Notes TB-500/thymosin beta-4 status and scarce human safety data for unapproved peptides; WADA Prohibited List S2, peptide hormones and growth factors.) ↗
  11. Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010. (Full-length thymosin beta-4 well tolerated to 1260 mg; not the TB-500 fragment.) ↗
  12. Hostynek JJ, Dreher F, Maibach HI. Human skin penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as a function of skin layer. Inflammation Research. 2011;60(1):79-86. (Copper delivery and dermal copper depot from GHK-Cu.) ↗
  13. Getting SJ, Christian HC, Lam CW, et al. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(2):631-637. ↗
  14. Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-331. ↗
  15. Bettenworth D, Buyse M, Bohm M, et al. The tripeptide KdPT protects from intestinal inflammation and maintains intestinal barrier function. Am J Pathol. 2011;179(3):1230-1242. ↗
  16. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Acute Pancreatitis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61:291. ↗
  17. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide — Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18:185. ↗
  18. Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025;31(5):20-24. (n=2; IV BPC-157 up to 20 mg well tolerated; safety pilot, not efficacy.) ↗
  19. Sun Q, et al. PepT1-targeted nanodrug based on co-assembly of anti-inflammatory peptide and immunosuppressant for combination treatment of acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1442876. ↗
  20. Mao S, Huang J, Li J, et al. Exploring the beneficial effects of GHK-Cu on an experimental model of colitis and the underlying mechanisms. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1551843. ↗